it could just be powdery plaster thats gotten wet, dried out, gotten wet, dried out etc etc....
its possible to get salts from condensation but its gotta be really bad and have soaked right the way into the substrate, then been drawn back out again bringing the salt with it...
but if its white white... its prolly salt... do what flyny says... lick the wall...
wonder if its an old patch? rest of the wall browning, and this bit sand and cement patched up? the difference in density would pull a bit of moisture out of the air, the denser the substrate, the greater its ability to conduct heat, and therefore a colder surface to the touch...